Electricity
Electricity
(from
[electron], "amber") is a general term for the variety of
phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge. Together
with magnetism, it constitutes the fundamental interaction known as
electromagnetism. It includes many well-known physical phenomena such
as lightning, electromagnetic fields and electric currents, and is put
to use in industrial applications such as electronics and electric power.
In casual usage, the term electricity
is applied to several related concepts that are better identified by
more precise terms:
Electric potential - the capacity
of an electric field to do work, typically measured in volts (V).
Electric current - a movement or flow of electrically charged particles,
typically measured in amperes (A).
Electric field - an effect produced by an electric charge that exerts
a force on charged objects in its vicinity.
Electrical energy - the energy made available by the flow of electric
charge through an electrical conductor.
Electric power - the rate at which electric energy is converted to or
from another energy form, such as light, heat, or mechanical energy.
Electric charge - a connection conserved property of some subatomic
particles, which determines their electromagnetic interactions. Electrically
charged matter is influenced by, and produces, electromagnetic fields.
History of electricity
Static electricity produced by rubbing objects against fur was known
to the ancient Greeks, Phoenicians, Parthians and Mesopotamians. The
Parthians and Mesopotamians may have had some knowledge of electroplating,
based on the discovery of the Baghdad Battery, which resembles a Galvanic
cell.
Benjamin Franklin conducted extensive
research in electricity. He had theories on the relationship between
lightning and static electricity, including his famous kite-flying experiment,which
was a key attached to a wet string and kite. During a lightning storm
a small spark struck his finger showing that lightning is electricity.
It sparked the interest of later scientists whose work provided the
basis for modern electrical technology. Most notably these include Luigi
Galvani (1737-1798), Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), Michael Faraday (1791-1867),
André-Marie Ampère (1775-1836), and Georg Simon Ohm (1789-1854).
The late 19th and early 20th century produced such giants of electrical
engineering as Nikola Tesla, Antonio Meucci, Thomas Edison, George Westinghouse,
Werner von Siemens, Charles Steinmetz, Alexander Graham Bell and William
Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin.
Electric current
An electric current is a flow of electric charge, and its intensity
is measured in amperes. Examples of electric currents include metallic
conduction, where electrons flow through a conductor or conductors such
as a metal wire, and electrolysis, where ions (charged atoms) flow through
liquids. The particles themselves often move quite slowly, while the
electric field that drives them propagates at close to the speed of
light. See electrical conduction for more information.
Devices that use charge flow principles
in materials are called electronic devices.
A direct current (DC) is a unidirectional
flow, while an alternating current (AC) reverses direction repeatedly.
The time average of an alternating current is zero, but its energy capability
(RMS value) is not zero.
Ohm's law is an important relationship
describing the behaviour of electric currents, relating them to voltage.
For historical reasons, electric
current is said to flow from the most positive part of a circuit to
the most negative part. The electric current thus defined is called
conventional current. It is now known that, depending on the conditions,
an electric current can consist of a flow of charged particles in either
direction, or even in both directions at once. The positive-to-negative
convention is widely used to simplify this situation. If another definition
is used - for example, "electron current" - it should be explicitly
stated.
Electric field
The concept of electric fields was introduced by Michael Faraday. The
electrical field force acts between two charges, in the same way that
the gravitational force acts between two masses. However, the electric
field is a little bit different. Gravitational force depends on the
masses of two bodies, whereas electric force depends on the electric
charges of two bodies. While gravity can only pull masses together,
the electric force can be an attractive or repulsive force. If both
charges are of same sign (e.g. both positive), there will be a repulsive
force between the two. If the charges are opposite, there will be an
attractive force between the two bodies. The magnitude of the force
varies inversely with the square of the distance between the two bodies,
and is also proportional to the product of the unsigned magnitudes of
the two charges.
Electric charge
Electric charge is a property of certain subatomic particles (e.g.,
electrons and protons) which interacts with electromagnetic fields and
causes attractive and repulsive forces between them. Electric charge
gives rise to one of the four fundamental forces of nature, and is a
conserved property of matter that can be quantified. In this sense,
the phrase "quantity of electricity" is used interchangeably
with the phrases "charge of electricity" and "quantity
of charge". There are two types of charge: we call one kind of
charge positive and the other negative. Through experimentation, we
find that like-charged objects repel and opposite-charged objects attract
one another. The magnitude of the force of attraction or repulsion is
given by Coulomb's law.